{"id":1343,"date":"2026-02-22T09:05:47","date_gmt":"2026-02-22T09:05:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dmy.info\/en\/?p=1343"},"modified":"2026-02-22T17:19:33","modified_gmt":"2026-02-22T17:19:33","slug":"what-did-the-ottomans-and-turkey-imitate-from-the-westdevelopments-that-turks-adopted-from-europe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dmy.info\/en\/what-did-the-ottomans-and-turkey-imitate-from-the-westdevelopments-that-turks-adopted-from-europe\/","title":{"rendered":"What Did the Ottomans and Turkey Imitate from the West?Developments That Turks Adopted from Europe"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In 2026, Turkey, a social media ban for those under 15 is coming. <\/a>Did the government, known as conservative, corrupt young people with social media for many years? Of course not. This is simply the result of an imitation of the West that has been ingrained in our genes. We cannot act unless Europe does. T\u00fcrkiye has implemented it after Canada and Frace did.<\/a> If we do not see it in the West, we cannot implement even what is most necessary. For nearly 300 years, there has been such a lack of self-confidence. Now let us list the attempts at imitation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In 1770, after the Ottoman navy was burned by the Russians at the Battle of \u00c7e\u015fme, the Hendese Room (later M\u00fchendishane-i Bahri H\u00fcmayun) was established through the initiative of Cezayirli Hasan Hoca. In 1775, education began with tools, books, and teachers brought from France. The instructors spoke French, and interpreters translated for the students.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
The first university in Turkey was the M\u00fchendish\u00e2ne-yi Bahr\u00ee-yi H\u00fcm\u00e2yun, the predecessor of today\u2019s Istanbul Technical University (\u0130T\u00dc).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1789\u20131807: Nizam-\u0131 Cedid (\u201cNew Order\u201d) \u2013 The First Steps of Westernization<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Nizam-\u0131 Cedid movement, initiated during the time of Selim III, was the first major step in the Ottoman Empire\u2019s Westernization process. The first translation movements were carried out in the military and legal fields. Western-style institutions such as the Naval Academy, the Humbarahane (Bombardier School), and the Artillery School were established. European officers and experts were consulted in preparing the curricula, and technical knowledge was translated from foreign languages. During this period, new military uniforms were introduced, military training was regularized, and a structure similar to the \u201cnew order\u201d seen in the French Revolutionary Wars replaced the undisciplined Janissary system. The term Nizam-\u0131 Cedid was inspired by the \u201cNew Order\u201d concept that emerged in France (under the Bonaparte regime).<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1826\u20131839: Mahmud II and the New Army \u2013 Westernization in Central Administration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sultan Mahmud II (1808\u20131839) established a new army called Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye, Western in everything except its name. Mahmud II was the first to wear Western-style suits, to alter traditional palace architecture, and to build palaces compatible with the neoclassical and rococo styles common in Europe (for example, the Beyaz\u0131t Fire Tower, 1828). During this period, Western-style educational institutions such as T\u0131bbiye-i \u015eahane (1827) and M\u00fchendishane-i Berri H\u00fcmayun stood out. Mahmud II was also the first to commission and display Western-style portraits of a ruler. He initiated the first \u201chat reform\u201d by replacing the turban with the fez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1839\u20131856: Tanzimat and Islahat Edicts \u2013 Legal and Administrative Reforms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 1839, Abd\u00fclmecid proclaimed the Tanzimat Edict (G\u00fclhane Imperial Edict) under British influence. It guaranteed the security of life, property, and honor of citizens and equality before the law, pledging to end the millet system and ethnic discrimination. The 1840 Penal Code directly Westernized definitions of crime and punishment; the 1858 Penal Code was largely adopted from the French Penal Code. The 1850 Commercial Code was adapted from France. The first secular courts were established in the field of commerce during this period. The Mecelle of 1876 was an imitation of the French term \u201cCodex.\u201d Imitating the West in the field of law shows how determined and persistent this imitation was, even in matters that were the essential domain of Sharia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Administrative reforms such as the Vilayet Regulation were also introduced. With the 1856 Islahat Edict, non-Muslims began to take roles in Western-style institutions. Equal opportunities in education and justice were explicitly emphasized. Institutions such as the Meclis-i Vala-y\u0131 Ahkam-\u0131 Adliyye (1837) were reorganized on Western foundations. The \u015eura-y\u0131 Devlet (1868), modeled after the French Conseil d\u2019\u00c9tat, initiated the administrative judiciary and advised legislative processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1840s\u20131860s: Westernization in Education \u2013 Educational Organization and Regulations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 1845, Education Councils were established; in 1846, the first Ministry of Education was formed; and in 1857, the Enc\u00fcmen-i Dani\u015f (Scholarly Council) was created to plan modern schools. It was modeled after the French Academy of Sciences, and teachers were sent to Paris for training. With the General Education Regulation of 1869, the foundations of the Ottoman education system were laid entirely according to Western norms. The French education system served as the main model for educational levels, curricula, and teacher training methods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Institutions such as Mekteb-i Sultani (Galatasaray High School), opened in 1868 as a French-model school, and Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi (Academy of Fine Arts), founded in 1883, exemplified Western educational imports. French teachers taught in French, and the library contained predominantly French works. The school was located in Galata and Beyo\u011flu, predominantly non-Muslim districts. In 1857, the first municipality, called the \u201cSixth Municipal District,\u201d was established there\u2014named after Paris\u2019s Sixth Arrondissement, where Mustafa Re\u015fit and Ali Pasha had once lived.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1839\u20131900: Western Influences in Architecture and Culture<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Western styles marked 19th-century Ottoman architecture. Dolmabah\u00e7e Palace (1839\u20131856) reflected Baroque and Rococo elements, while Beylerbeyi and Y\u0131ld\u0131z Palaces resembled European palaces in miniature. The Mecidiye Pavilion was described as \u201centirely a small-scale imitation of a European palace.\u201d Monuments and fountains built during this period reflected neo-classical styles influenced by Austria-Hungary or France rather than classical Ottoman motifs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In art, through the Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi (1883), Western painting and sculpture techniques were adopted. European-style orchestras and concert culture developed in music. From 1826 onward, Western-style orchestras performed at state ceremonies, and sultans commissioned marches from European composers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The reformist intellectuals were called the Young Turks, and they lived in exile in France and England. The reformist organization they named the Committee of Union and Progress seized control of the state by modeling itself on Italy’s Carbonari organization.The Second Constitutional Era adopted the French Revolution\u2019s slogan \u201cLiberty, Equality, Fraternity\u201d as \u201cLiberty, Equality, Justice.\u201d<\/a> State officials imitated Napoleon, dressing and behaving like Westerners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Transformation in art and literature reached such a level that themes rooted in Turkish cultural life were abandoned in favor of Western ones such as forbidden love, nationalism, and the subconscious. Western imitations dominated aesthetic life. The paintings of the last Caliph, Abd\u00fclmecid Efendi, illustrate this extent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1923\u20131938: Republican Reforms \u2013 Secularism and Full Westernization<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

With the establishment of the Republic (1923), Turkey officially transitioned to a Western-oriented system. The sultanate was abolished, the Republic proclaimed, and in 1924 the unification of education law was enacted, institutionalizing secularism. The 1925 Hat Law required European-style hats instead of the fez. The 1926 Civil Code was entirely modeled after the Swiss Civil Code and introduced gender equality in family law. The adoption of the Latin alphabet (1928), the metric system, and Western calendar and time systems aligned daily life with Western standards. Sharia law was completely abolished, and legal codes were restructured according to modern state norms. Surnames became mandatory; titles were abolished. These reforms implemented Western models across society and transformed its structure profoundly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Later Period: Multi-Party Life and Contemporary Westernization<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

After World War II, Turkey joined NATO (1952), formally aligning with the Western bloc. In 1946, it transitioned to multi-party politics. The European Union candidacy process and alignment efforts in the 2000s further strengthened integration with Western norms. In short, since the Ottoman era, Turkey has adopted European and American models in education, law, the military, culture, fashion, and architecture. Today, much of Turkey\u2019s legislation and institutions are derived from Western counterparts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CONCLUSION<\/h2>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Imitation is the result of not being able to accomplish something\u2014it belongs to infancy. As children, we begin to adapt and learn by modeling. The requirement of adulthood and reason is to struggle. Analysis, synthesis, and induction are stages of learning achieved through difficulty and effort. Only adults with vision do this. To become an adult requires taking responsibility. Without responsibility, one cannot be strong. If we move from imitation to modeling, and then to responsibility, we can create something original.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In 2026, Turkey, a social media ban for those under 15 is coming. Did the government, known as conservative, corrupt young people with social media for many years? Of course not. This is simply the result of an imitation of the West that has been ingrained in our genes. We cannot act unless Europe does. T\u00fcrkiye has implemented it after Canada and Frace did. If we do not see it in the West, we cannot implement even what is most necessary. For nearly 300 years, there has been such a lack of self-confidence. Now let us list the attempts at <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1351,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[258],"tags":[293,385,276,271,309,384],"class_list":["post-1343","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turkology","tag-imitation","tag-model","tag-modernization","tag-ottomans","tag-turkey","tag-west","has_thumb"],"yoast_head":"\nWhat Did the Ottomans and Turkey Imitate from the West?Developments That Turks Adopted from Europe - DMY Philosophy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dmy.info\/en\/what-did-the-ottomans-and-turkey-imitate-from-the-westdevelopments-that-turks-adopted-from-europe\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What Did the Ottomans and Turkey Imitate from the West?Developments That Turks Adopted from Europe - DMY Philosophy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In 2026, Turkey, a social media ban for those under 15 is coming. Did the government, known as conservative, corrupt young people with social media for many years? Of course not. This is simply the result of an imitation of the West that has been ingrained in our genes. We cannot act unless Europe does. T\u00fcrkiye has implemented it after Canada and Frace did. If we do not see it in the West, we cannot implement even what is most necessary. For nearly 300 years, there has been such a lack of self-confidence. 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Did the government, known as conservative, corrupt young people with social media for many years? Of course not. This is simply the result of an imitation of the West that has been ingrained in our genes. We cannot act unless Europe does. T\u00fcrkiye has implemented it after Canada and Frace did. If we do not see it in the West, we cannot implement even what is most necessary. For nearly 300 years, there has been such a lack of self-confidence. 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